Declaration and Assignment Statements

In GSQL, different types of variables and objects follow different rules when it comes to variable declaration and assignment. This section discusses the different types of declaration and assignment statements and covers the following subset of the EBNF syntax:

EBNF for declaration and assignment
## Declarations ##
accumDeclStmt :=
          accumType localAccumName ["=" constant]
                    ["," localASccumName ["=" constant]]*
        | accumType globaAccumName ["=" constant]
                    ["," GlobalAccumName ["=" constant]]*
localAccumName := "@"accumName;
globalAccumName := "@@"accumName;

baseDeclStmt    := baseType name ["=" constant] ["," name ["=" constant]]*
fileDeclStmt := FILE fileVar "(" filePath ")"
fileVar := name

localVarDeclStmt := baseType varName "=" expr

vSetVarDeclStmt := vertexSetName ["(" vertexType ")"] "=" (seedSet | simpleSet | selectBlock)

simpleSet := vertexSetName
           | "(" simpleSet ")"
           | simpleSet (UNION | INTERSECT | MINUS) simpleSet

seedSet := "{" [seed ["," seed ]*] "}"
seed := '_'
      | ANY
      | vertexSetName
      | globalAccumName
      | vertexType ".*"
      | paramName
      | "SelectVertex" selectVertParams

selectVertParams := "(" filePath "," columnId "," (columnId | name) ","
          stringLiteral "," (TRUE | FALSE) ")" ["." FILTER "(" condition ")"]

columnId := "$" (integer | stringLiteral)

## Assignment Statements ##
assignStmt := name "=" expr
            | name "." attrName "=" expr

attrAccumStmt := name "." attrName "+=" expr

lAccumAssignStmt := vertexAlias "." localAccumName ("+="| "=") expr

gAccumAssignStmt :=  globalAccumName ("+=" | "=") expr

loadAccumStmt := globalAccumName "=" "{" LOADACCUM loadAccumParams
                                  ["," LOADACCUM loadAccumParams]* "}"

loadAccumParams := "(" filePath "," columnId ["," columnId]* ","
          stringLiteral "," (TRUE | FALSE) ")" ["." FILTER "(" condition ")"]

## Function Call Statement ##
funcCallStmt := name ["<" type ["," type]* ">"] "(" [argList] ")"
              | globaAccumName ("." funcName "(" [argList] ")")+
              | "reset_collection_accum" "(" accumName ")"

argList := expr ["," expr]*

Variable scopes

Different types of variable declarations use different scoping rules. There are two types of scoping rules in a GSQL query:

Block scoping

In GSQL, curly brackets, as well as IF .. THEN, ELSE, WHILE ... DO, FOREACH ... DO statements create a block. A SELECT statement also creates a block. A block-scoped variable declared inside a block scope is only accessible inside that scope.

Additionally, variables declared in a lower scope can use the same name as a variable already declared in a higher scope. The lower-scope declaration will take precedence over the higher-scope declaration until the end of the lower scope.

The following types of variables use block scoping:

Global scoping

A global-scoped variable is always accessible anywhere in the query once it has been declared regardless of where it is declared. One also cannot declare another variable with the same name as a global-scoped variable that has already been declared.

The following types of variables use global scoping:

Declaration Statements

There are six types of variable declarations in a GSQL query:

  • Accumulator

  • Base type variable

  • Local base type variable

  • Vertex set

  • File object

  • Vertex or edge aliases

The first five types each have their own declaration statement syntax and are covered in this section. Aliases are declared implicitly in a SELECT statement.

Accumulators

Accumulator declaration is discussed in Accumulators.

Base type variables

In a GSQL query body, variables holding values of types INT, UINT, FLOAT, DOUBLE, BOOL, STRING, DATETIME, VERTEX, EDGE, JSONOBJECT and JSONARRAY are called base type variables. The scope of a base type variable is from the point of declaration until the end of the block where its declaration took place.

EBNF for base type variable declaration
baseVarDeclStmt    := baseType name ["=" expr]["," name ["=" expr]]*

A base type variable can be declared and accessed anywhere in the query. To declare a base type variable, specify the data type and the variable name. Optionally, you can initialize the variable by assigning it a value with the assignment operator (=) and the desired value on the right side. You can declare multiple variables of the same type in a single declaration statement.

CREATE QUERY baseTypeVariable() {
    STRING a;
    DOUBLE num1, num2 = 3.2;
    INT year = 2020, month = 12, day = 115;
    INT b = rand(5);
    PRINT a, b, num;
}

When a base type variable is assigned a new value in an ACCUM or POST-ACCUM clause, the change will not take place until exiting the clause. Therefore, if there are multiple assignment statements for the same base type variable in an ACCUM or POST-ACCUM clause, only the last one will take effect.

For example, in the following query, a base type variable is assigned a new value in the ACCUM clause, but the change will not take place until the clause ends. Therefore, the accumulator will not receive the value and will hold a value of 0 at the end of the query.

CREATE QUERY baseTypeVariable() FOR GRAPH socialNet {
  MaxAccum<INT> @@maxDateGlob;
  DATETIME dt;

  allUser = {person.*};
  allUser = SELECT src
            FROM allUser:src - (liked>:e) - post
            ACCUM
            dt = e.actionTime,           # dt isn't updated yet
            @@maxDateGlob += datetime_to_epoch(dt);
  PRINT @@maxDateGlob, dt;  # @@maxDateGlob will be 0
}

Local base type variables

Base type variables declared in a DML-sub statement, such as in a statement inside a ACCUM, POST-ACCUM, or UPDATE SET clause, are called local base type variables.

Local base type variables are block-scoped and are accessible in the block where they are declared only. Within a local base type variable’s scope, you cannot declare another local base type variable with the same name at the same level. However, you can declare a local base type variable or local container variable with the same name at a lower level, where the lower-level declaration will take precedence over the previous declaration.

In a POST-ACCUM clause, each local base type variable may only be used in source vertex statements or only in target vertex statements, not both.

EBNF for local base type variable declaration and initialization
localVarDeclStmt := baseType varName "=" expr

Local base type variables are not subject to the assignment restrictions of regular base type variables. Their values can be updated inside an ACCUM or POST-ACCUM clause and the change will take place immediately.

Example:

  • Query

  • Result

Base type variable declaration in DML statements
# An example showing a local base type variable succeeds
# where a base type variable fails
CREATE QUERY localVariable(vertex<person> m1) FOR GRAPH socialNet {
  MaxAccum<INT> @@maxDate, @@maxDateGlob;
  DATETIME dtGlob;

  allUser = {person.*};
  allUser = SELECT src
            FROM allUser:src - (liked>:e) - post
            ACCUM
            DATETIME dt = e.actionTime,      # Declare and assign local dt
            dtGlob = e.actionTime,           # dtGlob isn't updated yet
            @@maxDate     += datetime_to_epoch(dt),
            @@maxDateGlob += datetime_to_epoch(dtGlob);
  PRINT @@maxDate, @@maxDateGlob, dtGlob;  # @@maxDateGlob will be 0
}
localVariable Query Results
GSQL > RUN QUERY localVariable("person1")
{
  "error": false,
  "message": "",
  "version": {
    "edition": "developer",
    "schema": 0,
    "api": "v2"
  },
  "results": [{
    "dtGlob": "2010-01-11 03:26:05",
    "@@maxDateGlob": 0,
    "@@maxDate": 1263618953
  }]
}

Local container variable

Variables declared inside a DML-block storing container type values are called local container type variables. Their values can be updated inside an ACCUM or POST-ACCUM clause and the change will take place immediately.

Local container variables can store values of a specified type. The following types are allowed:

Container type Element type

SET

INT, UINT, DOUBLE, FLOAT, STRING, STRING COMPRESS, JSON OBJECT, JSONARRAY,BOOL EDGE, DATETIME, tuple

BAG

INT, UINT, DOUBLE, FLOAT, STRING, STRING COMPRESS, JSON OBJECT, JSONARRAY,BOOL, VERTEX EDGE, DATETIME, tuple

LIST

INT, UINT, DOUBLE, FLOAT, STRING, STRING COMPRESS, JSON OBJECT, JSONARRAY,BOOL, VERTEX EDGE, DATETIME, ListAccum (Up to 3 levels of nesting), tuple

MAP

  • Key types: INT, UINT, DOUBLE, FLOAT, STRING, STRING COMPRESS, JSON OBJECT, JSONARRAY,BOOL, VERTEX EDGE, DATETIME, tuple

  • Value types: INT, UINT, DOUBLE, FLOAT, STRING, STRING COMPRESS, JSON OBJECT, JSONARRAY,BOOL, VERTEX EDGE, DATETIME, tuple, any accumulator type except for HeapAccum

You must declare which type the container variable will be storing when you declare the container variable.

  • EBNF

  • Example

localContainerDeclStmt := containerType "<" type ">" varName "=" expr
SET<INT> set1 = (1, 2, 3) (1)
1 The declaration can only take place in a DML block.

Local container variables are block-scoped and are accessible in the block where they are declared only. Within a local container variable’s scope, you cannot declare another local container variable or local base type variable with the same name at the same level. However, you can declare a variable with the same name at a lower level, where the lower-level declaration will override the previous declaration.

In a POST-ACCUM clause, each local container variable may only be used in source vertex statements or only in target vertex statements, not both.

Query example

In the following example, the SELECT statement in the main query declares three local container variables, each containing:

  • A base type

  • A user-defined tuple

  • An anonymous tuple

  • Main query

  • Subquery 1

  • Subquery 2

CREATE QUERY test() FOR GRAPH poc_graph {
  TYPEDEF TUPLE<int i, string s> mainTuple;
  SumAccum<int> @@A;
  SetAccum<mainTuple> @@setAcc;
  SetAccum<mainTuple> @@setAcc2;

  L0 = { person.* };
  L1 = SELECT p
    FROM L0:p
      ACCUM
        // local container with base type
        List<int> a = subQuery(p),
        FOREACH e IN a DO
          @@A +=  e,
        // user defined tuple
        Set<mainTuple> setA = subQuery1(p)
        @@setAcc += setA,
        // anonymous tuple(define signature of tuple in declaration)
        Set<tuple<int, string>> setB = subQuery1(p),
        @@setAcc2 += setB
      end;

  print @@A;
  print @@setAcc;
  print @@setAcc2;
}
CREATE QUERY subQuery(VERTEX node) FOR GRAPH poc_graph
returns(ListAccum<int>)
{
ListAccum<int> @@res;
Start = { node };
Result = select t from Start:t
Accum @@res += 1;
return @@res;
}
CREATE QUERY subQuery1(VERTEX node) for graph poc_graph
returns(SetAccum<tuple<int, string>>){
  typedef tuple<int i, string s> subTuple;
  SetAccum<subTuple> @@res;
  vSet = { person.* };
  Result1 = select p from vSet:p
            where p.name == "Charlie"
            accum @@res += subTuple(-1, "hello");
  return @@res;
}

Vertex Set Variable Declaration and Assignment

Variables that contain a set of one or more vertices are called vertex set variables. Vertex set variables play a special role within GSQL queries. They are used for both the input and output of SELECT statements. Therefore, before the first SELECT statement in a query, a vertex set variable must be declared and initialized. This initial vertex set is called the seed set.

Vertex set variables are global-scoped. They are also the only type of variable that isn’t explicitly typed during declaration. To declare a vertex set variable, assign an initial set of vertices to the variable name.

EBNF for Vertex Set Variable Declaration
vSetVarDeclStmt := vertexSetName ["(" vertexType ")"] "=" (seedSet | simpleSet | selectBlock)

simpleSet := vertexSetName
      | "(" simpleSet ")"
      | simpleSet (UNION | INTERSECT | MINUS) simpleSet

seedSet := "{" [seed ["," seed ]*] "}"
seed := '_'
      | ANY
      | vertexSetName
      | globalAccumName
      | vertexType ".*"
      | paramName
      | "SelectVertex" selectVertParams

selectVertParams := "(" filePath "," columnId "," (columnId | name) ","
     stringLiteral "," (TRUE | FALSE) ")" ["." FILTER "(" condition ")"]

columnId := "$" (integer | stringLiteral)

The query below lists all ways of assigning a vertex set variable an initial set of vertices (that is, forming a seed set).

  • A vertex parameter, untyped or typed, enclosed in curly brackets

  • A vertex set parameter, untyped or typed

  • A global SetAccum<VERTEX> accumulator, untyped or typed

  • All vertices of any type or of one type

  • A list of vertex IDs in an external file

  • Copy of another vertex set

  • A combination of individual vertices, vertex set parameters, or base type variables, enclosed in curly brackets

  • Union of vertex set variables

Seed Set Example
CREATE QUERY seedSetExample(VERTEX v1, VERTEX<person> v2, SET<VERTEX> v3, SET<VERTEX<person>> v4) FOR GRAPH socialNet {
  SetAccum<VERTEX> @@testSet;
  SetAccum<VERTEX<person>> @@testSet2;
  S1 = { v1 };    # untyped vertex parameter enclosed in curly brackets
  S2 = { v2 };    # typed vertex parameter enclosed in curly brackets
  S3 = v3;                       # untyped vertex set parameter
  S4 = v4;                       # typed vertex set parameter
  S5 = @@testSet;                # untyped global set accumulator
  S6 = @@testSet2;               # typed global set accumulator
  S7 = ANY;                      # All vertices
  S8 = person.*;                 # All person vertices
  S9 = _;                        # Equivalent to ANY
  S10 = SelectVertex("absolute_path_to_input_file", $0, post, ",", false);   # See Section "SelectVertex()" function
  S11 = S1;                      # copy of another vertex set
  S12 = {@@testSet, v2, v3};     # Individual vertex: v2
                                 # Vertex set parameter: v3
                                 # global accumulator: @@testSet
                                 # Inside curly brackets cannot be put another
                                 # seedset, e.g., S1
  S13 = S11 UNION S12;           # but we can use UNION to combine S1
}

When declaring a vertex set variable, a set of vertex types can be optionally specified to the vertex set variable. If the vertex set variable set type is not specified explicitly, the system determines the type implicitly by the vertex set value. The type can be ANY, _ (equivalent to ANY), or any explicit vertex type(s). See the EBNF grammar rule vertexEdgeType.

Declaration syntax difference: vertex set variable vs. base type variable

In a vertex set variable declaration, the optional type specifier follows the variable name and should be surrounded by parentheses: vSetName(type)
This is different from a base type variable declaration, where the type specifier is required and comes before the base variable name: type varName

Assignment

After a vertex set variable is declared, the vertex type of the vertex set variable is immutable. Every assignment (e.g. SELECT statement) to this vertex set variable must match the type. The following is an example in which we must declare the vertex set variable type.

Vertex set variable type
CREATE QUERY vertexSetVariableTypeExample(vertex<person> m1) FOR GRAPH socialNet {
  INT ite = 0;
  S (ANY) = {m1};   # ANY is necessary
  WHILE  ite < 5 DO
    S = SELECT t
        FROM S:s - (ANY:e) - ANY:t;

    ite = ite + 1;
  END;
  PRINT S;
}

In the above example, the query returns the set of vertices after a 5-step traversal from the input person vertex. If we declare the vertex set variable S without explicitly giving a type, because the type of vertex parameter m1 is person, the GSQL engine will implicitly assign S to be person type. However, if S is assigned to person type, the SELECT statement inside the WHILE loop causes a type-checking error, because the SELECT block will generate all connected vertices, including non-person vertices. Therefore, S must be declared as an ANY-type vertex set variable.

FILE Object Declaration

A FILE object is a sequential text storage object, associated with a text file on the local machine.

EBNF for FILE object declaration
fileDeclStmt := FILE fileVar "(" filePath ")"
fileVar := name

When a FILE object is declared, associated with a particular text file, any existing content in the text file will be erased. During the execution of the query, content written to or printed to the FILE object will be appended to the FILE object. When the query where the FILE object is declared finishes running, the content of the FILE object is saved to the text file.

Example:

File object query example
CREATE QUERY getUSWorkerInterests (STRING fileLocation) FOR GRAPH workNet {
    // Declare FILE object f1
    FILE f1 (fileLocation);
    // Initialize a seed set of all person vertices
    P = {person.*};

    PRINT "header" TO_CSV f1;

    // Select workers located in the US and print their interests onto
    // the FILE object
    USWorkers = SELECT v FROM P:v
              WHERE v.locationId == "us"
              ACCUM f1.println(v.id, v.interestList);
    PRINT "footer" TO_CSV f1;
}
INSTALL QUERY getUSWorkers
RUN QUERY getUSWorkerInterests("/home/tigergraph/fileEx.txt")

Assignment and Accumulate Statements

Assignment statements are used to set or update the value of a variable after it has been declared. This applies to base type variables, vertex set variables, and accumulators. Accumulators also have the special += accumulate statement, which was discussed in the Accumulator section. Assignment statements can use expressions to define the new value of the variable.

EBNF for Assignment Statements
## Assignment Statement ##
assignStmt := name "=" expr         # baseType variable, vertex set variable
            | name "." name "=" expr      # attribute of a vertex or edge

attrAccumStmt := name "." attrName "+=" expr

lAccumAssignStmt := vertexAlias "." localAccumName ("+="| "=") expr

gAccumAssignStmt :=  globalAccumName ("+=" | "=") expr

loadAccumStmt := globalAccumName "=" "{" "LOADACCUM" loadAccumParam
                                  ["," "LOADACCUM" loadAccumParams]* "}"

Vertex and edge (non-accumulator) attributes can use the += operator in an ACCUM or POST-ACCUM clause to perform parallel accumulation.

attrAccumStmt := name "."attrName "+=" expr

Restrictions on Assignment Statements

In general, assignment statements can take place anywhere after the variable has been declared. However, there are some restrictions. These restrictions apply to "inner level" statements which are within the body of a higher-level statement:

  • The ACCUM or POST-ACCUM clause of a SELECT statement

  • The SET clause of an UPDATE statement

  • The body of a FOREACH statement

  • Global accumulator assignment is not permitted within the body of SELECT or UPDATE statements

  • Base type variable assignment is permitted in ACCUM or POST-ACCUM clauses, but the change in value will not take place until exiting the clause. Therefore, if there are multiple assignment statements for the same variable, only the final one will take effect.

  • Vertex attribute assignment is not permitted in an ACCUM clause. However, edge attribute assignment is permitted. This is because the ACCUM clause iterates over an edge set.

  • There are additional restrictions within FOREACH loops for the loop variable. See the Data Modification section.

LOADACCUM Statement

loadAccumStmt := globalAccumName "=" "{" LOADACCUM loadAccumParams
                                  ["," LOADACCUM loadAccumParams]* "}"

loadAccumParams := "(" filePath "," columnId ["," [columnId]* ","
          stringLiteral "," (TRUE | FALSE) ")" ["."FILTER "(" condition ")"]
columnId := "$"(integer | stringLiteral)

LOADACCUM() can initialize a global accumulator by loading data from a file. LOADACCUM() has 3+n parameters explained in the table below, where n is the number of fields in the accumulator.

Any accumulator using generic VERTEX as an element type cannot be initialized by LOADACCUM().

Parameters:

Name Type Description

filePath

String

The absolute file path of the input file to be read. A relative path is not supported.

columnId

String or number

The column position(s) or column name(s) of the data file that supply data values to each field of the accumulator.

separator

Single-character string

The separator of columns.

header

Boolean

Whether this file has a header.

One assignment statement can have multiple LOADACCUM() function calls. However, every LOADACCUM() referring to the same file in the same assignment statement must use the same separator and header parameter values.

Example

  • Data

  • Query

  • Result

loadAccumInput.csv
person1,1,"test1",3
person5,2,"test2",4
person6,3,"test3",5
CREATE QUERY loadAccumEx(STRING filename) FOR GRAPH socialNet {
  TYPEDEF TUPLE<STRING aaa, VERTEX<post> ddd> yourTuple;
  MapAccum<VERTEX<person>, MapAccum<INT, yourTuple>> @@testMap;
  GroupByAccum<STRING a, STRING b, MapAccum<STRING, STRING> strList> @@testGroupBy;

  @@testMap = { LOADACCUM (filename, $0, $1, $2, $3, ",", false)};
  @@testGroupBy = { LOADACCUM ( filename, $1, $2, $3, $3, ",", true) };

  PRINT @@testMap, @@testGroupBy;
}
GSQL > RUN QUERY loadAccumEx("/file_directory/loadAccumInput.csv")
{
  "error": false,
  "message": "",
  "version": {
    "edition": "developer",
    "schema": 0,
    "api": "v2"
  },
  "results": [{
    "@@testGroupBy": [
      {
        "a": "3",
        "b": "\"test3\"",
        "strList": {"5": "5"}
      },
      {
        "a": "2",
        "b": "\"test2\"",
        "strList": {"4": "4"}
      }
    ],
    "@@testMap": {
      "person1": {"1": {
        "aaa": "\"test1\"",
        "ddd": "3"
      }},
      "person6": {"3": {
        "aaa": "\"test3\"",
        "ddd": "5"
      }},
      "person5": {"2": {
        "aaa": "\"test2\"",
        "ddd": "4"
      }}
    }
  }]
}

Function Call Statements

funcCallStmt := name ["<" type ["," type]* ">"] "(" [argList] ")"
              | globalAccumName ("." funcName "(" [argList] ")")+
              | "reset_collection_accum" "(" accumName ")"

argList := expr ["," expr]*

Typically, a function call returns a value and so is part of an expression. In some cases, however, the function does not return a value (i.e., returns VOID) or the return value can be ignored, so the function call can be used as an entire statement. This is a Function Call Statement.

Examples of Function Call statements
ListAccum<STRING> @@listAcc;
BagAccum<INT> @@bagAcc;
...
# examples of function call statements
@@listAcc.clear();
@@bagAcc.removeAll(0);

Clear Collection Accumulators

Collection accumulators (e.g., ListAccum, SetAccum, MapAccum) grow in size as data is added. Particularly for vertex-attached accumulators, if the number of vertices is large, their memory consumption can be significant. It can improve system performance to clear or reset collection accumulators during a query as soon as their data is no longer needed. Running the reset_collection_accum(accumName) function resets the collection(s) to be zero-length (empty). If the argument is a vertex-attached accumulator, then the entire set of accumulators is reset.

"reset_collection_accum" "(" accumName ")"

reset_collection_accum only works in DISTRIBUTED mode queries. If the query is not in distributed mode, the reset does not take place.

  • Query

  • Results

CREATE DISTRIBUTED QUERY reset_accum()
FOR GRAPH workNet SYNTAX v2 {
  ListAccum<STRING> @stuff;
  ListAccum<STRING> @@allStuff;

  Comp = SELECT c
    FROM    person:p -(worksFor:w)- company:c
    ACCUM   c.@stuff += p.id,
            @@allStuff += p.id,
            c.@stuff += p.locationId,
            @@allStuff += p.locationId,
            FOREACH interest IN p.interestList DO
              c.@stuff += interest,
              @@allStuff += interest
            END
  ;
  // display accum size: should be full
  PRINT Comp[Comp.@stuff.size()] AS stuffCount;
  PRINT @@allStuff.size() AS allStuffCount;

  reset_collection_accum(@stuff);
  reset_collection_accum(@@allStuff);
  // display accum size: should be empty
  PRINT Comp[Comp.@stuff.size()] AS stuffClear;
  PRINT @@allStuff.size() AS allStuffClear;
}
[{
    "stuffCount": [
      {"attributes": {"Comp.@stuff.size()": 23},
        "v_id": "company2",
        "v_type": "company"
      },
      {"attributes": {"Comp.@stuff.size()": 7},
        "v_id": "company4",
        "v_type": "company"
      },
      {"attributes": {"Comp.@stuff.size()": 12},
        "v_id": "company3",
        "v_type": "company"
      },
      {"attributes": {"Comp.@stuff.size()": 21},
        "v_id": "company1",
        "v_type": "company"
      },
      {"attributes": {"Comp.@stuff.size()": 4},
        "v_id": "company5",
        "v_type": "company"
      }]
  },
  {
    "allStuffCount": 67
  },
  {
    "stuffClear": [
      {"attributes": {"Comp.@stuff.size()": 0},
        "v_id": "company2",
        "v_type": "company"
      },
      {"attributes": {"Comp.@stuff.size()": 0},
        "v_id": "company4",
        "v_type": "company"
      },
      {"attributes": {"Comp.@stuff.size()": 0},
        "v_id": "company3",
        "v_type": "company"
      },
      {"attributes": {"Comp.@stuff.size()": 0},
        "v_id": "company1",
        "v_type": "company"
      },
      {"attributes": {"Comp.@stuff.size()": 0},
        "v_id": "company5",
        "v_type": "company"
      }]
  },
  {
    "allStuffClear": 0
  }]